BAB
III
LANDASAN
TEORI
3.1. Kemampuan
Produksi Alat Mekanis
Untuk
mencapai target produksi yang diinginkan, yang perlu diperhatikan dalam
penggunaan alat-alat mekanis adalah kemampuan alat-alat tersebut dalam
berproduksi. Oleh karena itu harus dapat ditentukan seberapa besar kemampuan
kerja alat – alat mekanis dalam usaha pencapaian target produksi yang
diinginkan.
|
P =
H x Ff x
x Ek x ρ
|
…… ( 3.1 )
Dimana
:
P = Kemampuan produksi alat, ton/jam
H = Kapasitas bucket atau bak, m³
Ct = Circle time atau waktu edar, menit
Ek = Efisiensi kerja, %
Ff = Fill factor, %
ρ = Density Loose batubara, ton/m³
Gambar 3.1 Alat
Muat dan Alat Angkut
3.1.1 Spefikasi
Alat Muat dan Alat Angkut
A.
Kobelco SK330
LC Hydraulic Excavator
Ganbar
3.2 Kobelco SK330 LC Hydraulic Excavator
a. Selected Dimensions
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 1
|
||
|
A. Shipping
Length of Unit
|
36.7 ft
in
|
11200 mm
|
|
C. Shipping
Height of Unit
|
11.2 ft
in
|
3400 mm
|
|
I. Max
Cutting Height
|
35.4 ft
in
|
10780 mm
|
|
J. Max
Loading Height
|
24.9 ft
in
|
7580 mm
|
|
K. Max
Reach Along Ground
|
36.1 ft
in
|
10990 mm
|
|
L. Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
20.6 ft
in
|
6280 mm
|
|
M. Max
Digging Depth
|
23.6 ft
in
|
7200 mm
|
|
Dimensions
|
||
|
B. Width
to Outside of Tracks
|
11.2 ft
in
|
3400 mm
|
|
D. Length
of Track on Ground
|
13.3 ft
in
|
4050 mm
|
|
E. Ground
Clearance
|
2.5 ft
in
|
760 mm
|
|
G. Height
to Top of Cab
|
10.3 ft
in
|
3124.2 mm
|
|
H. Tail
Swing Radius
|
11.5 ft
in
|
3500 mm
|
|
O. Counterweight
Clearance
|
4.9 ft
in
|
1480 mm
|
|
Undercarriage
|
||
|
F. Track
Gauge
|
9.7 ft
in
|
2960 mm
|
|
N. Shoe
Size
|
31.5 in
|
800mm
|
b. Specification
|
Engine
|
||
|
Make
|
Mitsubishi
|
|
|
Model
|
6D16-TLEB
|
|
|
Gross
Power
|
247 hp
|
184.2 kw
|
|
Net
Power
|
238 hp
|
177.5 kw
|
|
Power
Measured @
|
2200 rpm
|
|
|
Displacement
|
460 cu
in
|
7.5 L
|
|
Aspiration
|
turbocharged
|
|
|
Operational
|
||
|
Operating
Weight
|
80300 lb
|
36423.5 kg
|
|
Fuel
Capacity
|
76.6 gal
|
290 L
|
|
Hydrauilc
System Fluid Capacity
|
92.7 gal
|
351 L
|
|
Hydraulic
System Relief Valve Pressure
|
3990 psi
|
27510.1 kPa
|
|
Hydraulic
Pump Flow Capacity
|
139.7 gal/min
|
529 L/min
|
|
Swing
Mechanism
|
||
|
Swing
Speed
|
9.1 rpm
|
|
|
Undercarriage
|
||
|
Shoe
Size
|
31.5 in
|
800 mm
|
|
Ground
Pressure
|
5470 psi
|
37714.3 kPa
|
|
Max
Travel Speed
|
3.6 mph
|
5.8 km/h
|
|
Drawbar
Pull
|
63800 lb
|
283.8 kN
|
|
Track
Gauge
|
9.7 ft
in
|
2960 mm
|
|
Buckets
|
||
|
Reference
Bucket Capacity
|
1.8 yd3
|
1.4 m3
|
|
Minimum
Bucket Capacity
|
0.88 yd3
|
0.67 m3
|
|
Maximum
Bucket Capacity
|
2.4 yd3
|
1.8 m3
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 1
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 1
|
Stick
w/ arm 10'10" (3300mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
11.2 ft
in
|
3400 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
36.7 ft
in
|
11200 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
23.6 ft
in
|
7200 mm
|
|
Max
Reach Along Ground
|
36.1 ft
in
|
10990 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
35.4 ft
in
|
10780 mm
|
|
Max
Loading Height
|
24.9 ft
in
|
7580 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
20.6 ft
in
|
6280 mm
|
|
Dimensions
|
||
|
Width
to Outside of Tracks
|
11.2 ft
in
|
3400 mm
|
|
Height
to Top of Cab
|
10.3 ft
in
|
3124.2 mm
|
|
Ground
Clearance
|
2.5 ft
in
|
760 mm
|
|
Counterweight
Clearance
|
4.9 ft
in
|
1480 mm
|
|
Tail
Swing Radius
|
11.5 ft
in
|
3500 mm
|
|
Length
of Track on Ground
|
13.3 ft
in
|
4050 mm
|
B.
Komatsu PC400-6 Hydraulic
Excavator
Gambar
3.3 Komatsu PC400-6 Hydraulic Excavator
a. Selected Dimensions
|
Boom/Stick
Option
|
||
|
A. Shipping
Length of Unit
|
39.1 ft
in
|
11915 mm
|
|
C. Shipping
Height of Unit
|
12.2 ft
in
|
3715 mm
|
|
I. Max
Cutting Height
|
33.8 ft
in
|
10295 mm
|
|
J. Max
Loading Height
|
23.1 ft
in
|
7055 mm
|
|
K. Max
Reach Along Ground
|
35.5 ft
in
|
10830 mm
|
|
L. Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
17.5 ft
in
|
5335 mm
|
|
M. Max
Digging Depth
|
22.3 ft
in
|
6785 mm
|
|
Dimensions
|
||
|
B. Width
to Outside of Tracks
|
11 ft
in
|
3340 mm
|
|
D. Length
of Track on Ground
|
13.2 ft
in
|
4020 mm
|
|
E. Ground
Clearance
|
1.8 ft
in
|
555 mm
|
|
G. Height
to Top of Cab
|
10.7 ft
in
|
3265 mm
|
|
H. Tail
Swing Radius
|
11.5 ft
in
|
3500 mm
|
|
O. Counterweight
Clearance
|
4.3 ft
in
|
1320 mm
|
|
Undercarriage
|
||
|
F. Track
Gauge
|
9 ft
in
|
2740 mm
|
|
N. Shoe
Size
|
23.6 in
|
600mm
|
b. Specification
|
Engine
|
||
|
Make
|
Komatsu
|
|
|
Model
|
SA6D125E
|
|
|
Gross
Power
|
305.8 hp
|
228 kw
|
|
Power
Measured @
|
2050 rpm
|
|
|
Displacement
|
673.7 cu
in
|
11 L
|
|
Number of
Cylinders
|
6
|
|
|
Operational
|
||
|
Operating
Weight
|
91271.4 lb
|
41400 kg
|
|
Fuel
Capacity
|
159.8 gal
|
605 L
|
|
Hydrauilc
System Fluid Capacity
|
71.3 gal
|
270 L
|
|
Hydraulic
System Relief Valve Pressure
|
5050 psi
|
34818.5 kPa
|
|
Hydraulic
Pump Flow Capacity
|
172.2 gal/min
|
652 L/min
|
|
Swing
Mechanism
|
||
|
Swing
Speed
|
9.3 rpm
|
|
|
Undercarriage
|
||
|
Shoe Size
|
23.6 in
|
600 mm
|
|
Ground
Pressure
|
11.2 psi
|
77.2 kPa
|
|
Max
Travel Speed
|
3.4 mph
|
5.5 km/h
|
|
Track
Gauge
|
9 ft
in
|
2740 mm
|
|
Buckets
|
||
|
Reference
Bucket Capacity
|
2.4 yd3
|
1.8 m3
|
|
Minimum
Bucket Capacity
|
1.7 yd3
|
1.3 m3
|
|
Maximum
Bucket Capacity
|
2.9 yd3
|
2.2 m3
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 1
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 1
|
Boom
23'2" (7060mm)/Stick 7'10" (2400mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
12.2 ft
in
|
3715 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
39.1 ft
in
|
11915 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
22.3 ft
in
|
6785 mm
|
|
Max Reach
Along Ground
|
35.5 ft
in
|
10830 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
33.8 ft
in
|
10295 mm
|
|
Max
Loading Height
|
23.1 ft
in
|
7055 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
17.5 ft
in
|
5335 mm
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 2
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 2
|
Boom
23'2" (7060mm)/Stick 9'6" (2900mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
12.2 ft
in
|
3730 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
39 ft
in
|
11885 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
23.9 ft
in
|
7285 mm
|
|
Max Reach
Along Ground
|
36.8 ft
in
|
11220 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
33.8 ft
in
|
10305 mm
|
|
Max
Loading Height
|
23.3 ft
in
|
7095 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
18.6 ft
in
|
5680 mm
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 3
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 3
|
Boom
23'2" (7060mm)/Stick 11'1" (3380mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
11.9 ft
in
|
3635 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
38.8 ft
in
|
11835 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
25.5 ft
in
|
7760 mm
|
|
Max Reach
Along Ground
|
38.7 ft
in
|
11810 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
35.8 ft
in
|
10920 mm
|
|
Max
Loading Height
|
24.8 ft
in
|
7570 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Digging Depth
|
22.5 ft
in
|
6850 mm
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 4
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 4
|
Boom
23'2" (7060mm)/Stick 13'1" (4000mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
12.5 ft
in
|
3795 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
38.9 ft
in
|
11850 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
27.5 ft
in
|
8385 mm
|
|
Max Reach
Along Ground
|
40.5 ft
in
|
12355 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
36.2 ft
in
|
11045 mm
|
|
Max
Loading Height
|
25.3 ft
in
|
7725 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Dig Depth
|
23.9 ft
in
|
7280 mm
|
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 5
|
||
|
Boom/Stick
Option (HEX) 5
|
Boom 23'2"
(7060mm)/Stick 15'9" (4800mm)
|
|
|
Shipping
Height of Unit
|
14.4 ft
in
|
4385 mm
|
|
Shipping
Length of Unit
|
38.3 ft
in
|
11685 mm
|
|
Max
Digging Depth
|
30.2 ft
in
|
9195 mm
|
|
Max Reach
Along Ground
|
43.2 ft
in
|
13165 mm
|
|
Max
Cutting Height
|
37.7 ft
in
|
11505 mm
|
|
Max Loading
Height
|
26.8 ft
in
|
8155 mm
|
|
Max
Vertical Wall Dig Depth
|
27 ft
in
|
8215 mm
|
|
Dimensions
|
||
|
Width to
Outside of Tracks
|
11 ft
in
|
3340 mm
|
|
Height to
Top of Cab
|
10.7 ft
in
|
3265 mm
|
|
Ground
Clearance
|
1.8 ft
in
|
555 mm
|
|
Counterweight
Clearance
|
4.3 ft
in
|
1320 mm
|
|
Tail
Swing Radius
|
11.5 ft
in
|
3500 mm
|
|
Length of
Track on Ground
|
13.2 ft
in
|
4020 mm
|
C.
Nissan
UD CWB Dump Truck
Gambar 3.4
Nissan CWB Dump Truck
a. Specification
|
Dump
Truck
|
|
|
Model
|
Nissan
UD3452DH dump truck
|
|
Steering
wheel type
|
LHD(left hand
drive)
|
|
Condition
|
New
|
|
Color
|
White,
red, yellow
|
|
Engine
|
|
|
Model
|
PF6
Diesel engine (Original Japan Nissan Diesel)
|
|
Type
|
6
cylinder in-line with water cooling, turbo-charging
|
|
Rated
power
|
235kw (320hp)
|
|
Rated
speed
|
2100rpm
|
|
Main
Technical Specification
|
|
|
N.V.W
|
12000Kg
|
|
Payloading
capacity
|
20000kg
|
|
G.V.W
|
33000kg
|
|
Wheel
base
|
3200+1300mm
|
|
Overall
size(L W H)
|
7660 2490
3240mm
|
|
Grade
ability
|
26%
|
|
Max.Traveling
speed
|
90km/h
|
|
Transmission
System
|
|
|
MTS60
|
Original
Japan Nissan,6 forward & 1 reverse
|
|
Cargo
Box (mining type)
|
|
|
Overall
length
|
5220mm
|
|
Overall
width
|
2180mm
|
|
Overall
height
|
1200mm
|
|
Side
plate thickness
|
10mm
|
|
Under
floor thickness
|
12mm
|
|
Hoist
system
|
Reinforced
T type(Hyva Hydraulic jacking from Holand)
|
|
Axle
And Tyre
|
|
|
Front
axle
|
FA50 (Nissan
Diesel)
|
|
Rear axle
|
RW1Ax2
(Nissan Diesel)
|
|
Tyre size
|
11.00-20-18PR
|
|
Clutch
And Brakes
|
|
|
Single
plate dry coil-spring clutch,hydraulically operated with air assistance
|
|
|
Service
brake
|
Dual
circuit compressed air brake
|
|
Parking brake
|
Spring
energy operating on rear wheels
|
|
Auxiliary
brake
|
Engine
exhaust brake
|
|
Cabin
|
|
|
Nissan UD
A450 Cabin,four point full-floating damper,full-steel structure,hydraulically
damped adjustable driver s seat.All the mould from Japan and cabin Painting
guaranteed 10 years.
|
|
3.2.
Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Produksi Alat Mekanis
3.2.1. Faktor
Manusia
Merupakan
faktor yang sangat penting dalam menunjang dan meningkatkan produksi,
dikarenakan manusia berhubungan langsung dengan alat-alat mekanis.
Tingkat
produktivitas seorang pekerja ditentukan oleh :
·
Motivasi, merupakan
faktor kejiwaan yang sangat sukar diukur, tergantung pada kondisi lingkungan
sosial dan tujuan yang hendak dicapai seseorang.
·
Keahlian, diperoleh
dari pengalaman dan pengetahuan yang dipunyai seseorang. Untuk mendapatkan
tingkat keahlian yang tinggi perlu dilakukan latihan-latihan, sehingga suatu
pekerjaan dapat dilakukan dengan baik.
·
Kepribadian seseorang,
tergantung pada keadaan seseorang seperti suasana kerja, jenis pekerjaan yang
dilakukuan serta keadaan fisik yang baik dapat meningkatkan produksi alat.
Kemampuan
produksi seorang operator tidak hanya disebabkan karena kesalahan atau
kemalasan pekerja, tetapi juga karena kelambatan-kelambatan dan
hambatan-hambatan yang dilami operator dan alat.
Berdasarkan
pengalaman, waktu kerja selama satu jam, tidak terpakai selama 60 menit penuh.
Operator hanya dapat bekerja maksimal selama 50 menit dalam satu jam.
Tabel 3.1 Efesiensi
Operator
|
No
|
Macam Alat
|
Efesiensi Baik
|
Efesiensi
Sedang
|
Efisiensi
Buruk
|
|
|
1
|
Excavator
|
92% = 55 mnt/jam
|
83% -92% = 50 mnt/jam
|
75% - 83% = 45 mnt/jam
|
|
|
2
|
Dump
truck
|
83% = 50 mnt/jam
|
75% -83% = 45 mnt/jam
|
67%
-75%= 40 mnt/jam
|
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